{"id":1243,"date":"2018-05-17T11:21:00","date_gmt":"2018-05-17T04:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/populicenter.org\/?p=1243"},"modified":"2021-12-10T13:00:29","modified_gmt":"2021-12-10T06:00:29","slug":"menelusuri-politik-jihad-cikal-bakal-perilaku-terorisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/2018\/05\/17\/menelusuri-politik-jihad-cikal-bakal-perilaku-terorisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Tracing the Politics of Jihad, the Origin of Terrorist Behavior"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1243\" class=\"elementor elementor-1243\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<header data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d27bdfd elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default 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Survei<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61382d21 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"61382d21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f56d9ac\" data-id=\"4f56d9ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7816b6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7816b6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Menelusuri Politik Jihad, Cikal Bakal Perilaku Terorisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36bff019 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36bff019\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-220d64d6\" data-id=\"220d64d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d1dfe77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d1dfe77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jihad memiliki perjalanan yang cukup panjang dalam perkembangannya yang hingga saat ini diidentikkan dengan tindakan terorisme. Dalam perjalanannya jihad pernah mengalami periode demiliterisasi yang kemudian hidup kembali. Namun, intinya tetap sama yaitu jihad mampu menggerakkan seorang atau sekelompok individu untuk melakukan tindakan teror.<\/p>\n<p>Munajat, PhD selaku Tenaga Ahli Kedeputian V Kajian Bidang Politik Hukum Pertahanan Keamanan dan HAM Kantor Staf Presiden<br><\/p>\n<p>Berbagai aksi terorisme yang marak terjadi sejak seminggu terakhir membuat Populi Center menyelenggarakan diskusi Forum Populi bertajuk \u201cPolitik Jihad\u201d. Jihad yang pada abad ke-21 dimunculkan kembali oleh kelompok politik Islam untuk merebut kekuasaan antar sesama Islam sendiri, yang mereka anggap sebagai antek barat\/asing ataupun pemerintah syirik menjadi permasalahan yang terus mencederai republik. Untuk mendiskusikan perilaku politik jihad ini hadir Munajat, PhD selaku Tenaga Ahli Kedeputian V Kajian Bidang Politik Hukum Pertahanan Keamanan dan HAM Kantor Staf Presiden dan Ade Ghozali, S.Ag selaku Peneliti Populi Center.<\/p>\n<p>Jihad berasal dari Bahasa Arab \u201cjahada\u201d yang berarti bersungguh-sungguh. Munajat menjelaskan makna jihad secara terminologi ada dua. Pertama, jihad fisik yang berarti perang dalam arti fisik. Pelakunya adalah mujahid yang apabila mati disebut dengan syahid (martir) dan akan masuk surga. Kedua, jihad hati atau jihad akbar yang berarti berperang melawan hawa nafsu. \u201cYang paling banyak sekarang perang melawan negara sendiri, sesama muslim. Melawan temannya sendiri yang dilabelkan sebagai pemerintahan yang syirik karena tidak mempercayai hukum dan Tuhan karena mereka mempunyai UU sendiri. Karena itu, politik jihad sering disamakan dengan terorisme,\u201d ujar Munajat.<\/p>\n<p>Doktor lulusan sosiologi dari Texas University ini menjelaskan terorisme tidak mempunyai definisi yang tunggal. Pasalnya, tindakan ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti struktur pemerintahan, politik, anggaran, budaya, dan sejarah. Misalnya, terorisme berkaitan dengan bahasa anggaran dalam bujet negara, yang nantinya apabila salah menggunakan akan berdampak pada kementerian\/lembaga teknis.<\/p>\n<p>Hanya saja, ada lima indikator yang membedakan terorisme dengan bentuk kejahatan lainnya menurut Bruce Hoffman (dalam Inside Terrorism). Pertama, bermotif politik. Pelaku terorisme mempunyai jalur yang sama yaitu melakukan oposisi kepada pemerintah. \u201cMereka itu pada ujungnya memiliki motif politik, yaitu mengambil alih kekuasaan,\u201d terang Munajat.<\/p>\n<p>Kedua, menggunakan cara kekerasan, termasuk membunuh diri mereka sendiri. Ketiga, memiliki tujuan utama menciptakan suasana teror. Maka dari itu, penyebaran konten yang berisikan video atau foto korban terorisme tidak disarankan. Keempat, dilakukan oleh suatu kelompok dengan organisasi terstruktur atau tidak terstruktur dengan garis komando dan bentuk organisasi yang tidak jelas dan fleksibel. Kelima, kelompok terorisme bukan merupakan bagian dari pemerintah.<\/p>\n<p>Lebih lanjut, terorisme adalah serangan yang dilakukan secara terencana dan rasional. Oleh sebab itu, teroris ataupun pelaku teror bukanlah pribadi yang marjinal, yang berasal dari kalangan miskin, bodoh atau terisolasi dari komunitas. Sehingga, terang Munajat, tidak menjadi hal yang baru apabila pelaku pemboman gereja di Surabaya, menurut pengakuan tetangga adalah orang yang saleh, mapan, dan berpendidikan.<\/p>\n<p>Pemerintah pun mempunyai strategi penanganan tersendiri menghadapi serangan terorisme yang marak terjadi ini. Dalam jangka pendek, sebagai contoh, pemerintah akan melakukan pemantauan intensif sel-sel tidur teroris dan penindakan terhadap mereka yang bergerak. Lalu, melakukan modifikasi dan penyesuaian SOP penanganan narapidana terorisme dengan mempertimbangkan keadaan rutan dan lapas, sekaligus melakukan percepatan RUU Terorisme. Reformasi hukum menjadi penting, termasuk salah satunya perihal siapa saja yang masuk ke dalam penjara. \u201cPresiden ingin tidak semua masuk penjara,\u201d ungkap Munajat.<\/p>\n<p>Di sisi lain, Ade Ghozali memberi penekanan pada sejarah terorisme di mana terdapat pergeseran makna jihad itu sendiri. Tokoh yang menjadi kunci rujukan pelaku teroris adalah Abdul Wahab yang menjadi pendiri golongan wahabi. Pada waktu itu terdapat persekongkolan antara agamawan dan penguasa yang menjadi penyokong Kerajaan Saudi Arabia. Jihad dimaknai tidak cukup hanya dengan jihad hati. Esensi jihad adalah penegakan syariat Islam.<\/p>\n<p>Dalam awal pendirian Islam sendiri sudah diprediksi bahwa dari golongan kelompok sahabat akan lahir sebuah kelompok teroris. Ciri-ciri teroris itu sendiri pun mirip dengan pelaku teroris saat ini seperti kepalanya sedikit botak, jidatnya hitam, celana cingkrang, dan berjanggut. \u201cIni adalah keyakinan yang keras. Politisasi jihad amat berbahaya,\u201d pungkas Ade. <br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cd31569 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-minimal elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"2cd31569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 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elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7781f0db elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7781f0db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1700fc29\" data-id=\"1700fc29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2915ebb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2915ebb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>@ Populi Center 2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jihad memiliki perjalanan yang cukup panjang dalam perkembangannya yang hingga saat ini diidentikkan dengan tindakan terorisme. Dalam perjalanannya jihad pernah mengalami periode demiliterisasi yang kemudian hidup kembali. Namun, intinya tetap sama yaitu jihad mampu menggerakkan seorang atau sekelompok individu untuk melakukan tindakan teror. Munajat, PhD selaku Tenaga Ahli Kedeputian V Kajian Bidang Politik Hukum Pertahanan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1244,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forum-populi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1243"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3493,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1243\/revisions\/3493"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}