{"id":2399,"date":"2020-05-17T17:27:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-17T10:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/?p=2399"},"modified":"2023-05-24T21:19:04","modified_gmt":"2023-05-24T14:19:04","slug":"book-review-jalan-baru-memahami-populisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/2020\/05\/17\/book-review-jalan-baru-memahami-populisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Book Review: A New Way to Understand Populism"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2399\" class=\"elementor elementor-2399\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<header data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa99507 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"2aa99507\" 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ease;\ntransition : transform 0.34s ease;\n}\n.headerup{\ntransform: translateY(-110px); \/*adjust this value to the height of your header*\/\n}\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941c1fc\" data-id=\"941c1fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c5e889d elementor-nav-menu__align-end elementor-nav-menu--stretch elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"1c5e889d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;full_width&quot;:&quot;stretch&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot; 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href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/profil\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Profil<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-151\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/tim-kerja\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Tim Kerja<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1230\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\">Program<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5465\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/beasiswa-populi-center\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Beasiswa Populi Center<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-775\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/forum-populi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Forum Populi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-777\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/post-covid-governance-initiative-ppcgi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Populi Post COVID-19 Governance Initiative (PPCGI)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-781\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/riset-indonesia-timur-tenggara\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Riset Indonesia Timur-Tenggara<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-779\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/jawa-barat-banten\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Riset Jawa Barat &#038; Banten<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-780\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/menulis-dki-jakarta\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Riset Menulis DKI Jakarta<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1232\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\">Publikasi<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-785\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/annual-report\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Annual Report<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8261\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/buku-populi-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Buku Populi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/laporan-keuangan\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Laporan Keuangan<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/policy-brief\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Policy Brief<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8409\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/populi-update\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Populi Update<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7705\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/opini\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Opini<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-610\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/rana-pustaka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Rana Pustaka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6057\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/rilis-survei\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Rilis Survei<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg 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menu-item-151\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/tim-kerja\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Tim Kerja<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1230\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Program<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5465\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/beasiswa-populi-center\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Beasiswa Populi Center<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-775\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/forum-populi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Forum Populi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-777\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/post-covid-governance-initiative-ppcgi\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Populi Post COVID-19 Governance Initiative (PPCGI)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-781\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/riset-indonesia-timur-tenggara\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Riset Indonesia Timur-Tenggara<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-779\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/jawa-barat-banten\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Riset Jawa Barat &#038; Banten<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-780\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/menulis-dki-jakarta\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Riset Menulis DKI Jakarta<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1232\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Publikasi<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-785\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/annual-report\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Annual Report<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8261\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/buku-populi-2\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Buku Populi<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/laporan-keuangan\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Laporan Keuangan<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/policy-brief\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Policy Brief<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8409\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/populi-update\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Populi Update<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7705\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/opini\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Opini<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-610\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/rana-pustaka\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Rana Pustaka<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6057\"><a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/rilis-survei\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Rilis Survei<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/header>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d2a147 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d2a147\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-729c48dd\" data-id=\"729c48dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f678f3c elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"2f678f3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-07d5219 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/2020\/05\/17\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>17 May 2020<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a4038a elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a4038a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Book Review: Jalan Baru Memahami Populisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4fb366ef\" data-id=\"4fb366ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6211b3a0 elementor-author-box--layout-image-left elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"6211b3a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Erwinton-300x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Picture of Erwinton Simatupang\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tErwinton Simatupang\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dfbfd97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dfbfd97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-152a113c\" data-id=\"152a113c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-69962c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69962c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce51e12\" data-id=\"ce51e12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3998d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3998d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/what-is-populism.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2244\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/what-is-populism.jpg 500w, https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/what-is-populism-204x300.jpg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c7f89b\" data-id=\"3c7f89b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd54244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd54244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What Is Populism?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c06e82a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c06e82a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Penulis \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 : Jan-Werner M\u00fcller<\/p><p>Penerbit \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 : University of Pennsylvania Press<\/p><p>Tahun Terbit : 2016<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37362781 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"37362781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-bookmark\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M336 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v464l192-112 192 112V48c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 428.43l-144-84-144 84V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h276c3.314 0 6 2.683 6 5.996V428.43z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2391f1d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2391f1d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Satu dekade terakhir, istilah populisme, sekurang-kurangnya, tengah naik daun. Para sarjana, juga laporan media massa, kerap memberikan cap populis kepada politisi, partai politik, dan gerakan politik di berbagai negara. Menariknya, para politisi, juga pendukung mereka, tidak jarang saling serang dengan menggunakan terminologi tersebut. Di Amerika Serikat, misalnya, Donald Trump dan Bernie Sanders mendapat label populis dari suporter lawan politik mereka. Pada titik ini, populisme menampakkan diri hampir di seluruh aktor politik. Fenomena seperti itu memunculkan pertanyaan ini: Apakah aktor politik yang berkontestasi merebut kekuasaan secara otomatis menjadi populis? Lebih spesifik lagi, apa kriteria yang bisa digunakan untuk menilai apakah satu-dua, atau lebih, aktor politik merupakan populis atau bukan?<\/p><p>Serangkaian pertanyaan itu coba dijawab buku berjudul &lt;i&gt;\u201cWhat Is Populism?\u201d&lt;\/i&gt;. Karya Jan-Werner M\u00fcller itu dibuka dengan ketidaksepakatannya dengan literatur dominan yang membahas populisme. Profesor di Princeton University itu tidak mengikuti, bahkan menyoal, pendekatan umum dalam melihat populisme, yakni kualitas kebijakan yang diajukan oleh politisi atau partai politik, analisis sosiologis yang mengkaji dari sisi kelas, dan aspek sosial-psikologis yang fokus pada perasaan pemilih, seperti kemarahan dan ketakutan (h. 10; h. 14-18). Berangkat dari situ, M\u00fcller mengkaji populisme dari aspek klaim imajinasi moral. Di sini, populis menganggap diri mereka mewakili rakyat yang secara moral lebih tinggi dibandingkan elite, yang moralnya lebih rendah (19-20).<\/p><p>Dengan mengikuti logika tersebut, mengkritik elite, atau anti-elite, merupakan kriteria untuk menentukan politisi atau partai politik sebagai populis (3; 20). Namun, M\u00fcller tidak hanya berhenti di situ. Sebab, aktor politik dapat dengan mudah dikelompokkan sebagai populis jika sekadar menggunakan variabel tersebut. Kalau sekadar anti-elite, katanya, seluruh kandidat presiden Amerika Serikat akan dicap sebagai populis (h. 3). Oleh sebab itu, ia pun menambahkan satu variabel lain: anti-pluralis. Di sini, populis mengklaim bahwa mereka, dan hanya mereka, yang mewakili, apa yang mereka sebut, \u2018rakyat\u2019 (h. 3; h. 20). Sebagai ilustrasi, pada salah satu kongres Partai AKP, Presiden Turki Erdo\u011fan memberikan pernyataan ini kepada para pengkritiknya \u2013 yang juga merupakan rakyat Turki: &lt;i&gt;\u201cWe are the people. Who are you?\u201d&lt;\/i&gt;. Alih-alih menyatakan diri sebagai representasi sebagian rakyat, populis justru mengklaim kalau mereka 100% mewakili rakyat (h. 3).<\/p><p>Menurut M\u00fcller, populisme tidak bisa dipisahkan dari demokrasi representatif (demokrasi modern). Pada titik ini, populisme merupakan konsekuensi negatif dari demokrasi representatif. Sebab, dalam demokrasi modern, aktor politik atau partai politik saling berkompetisi memperebutkan kekuasaan. Dalam situasi itu, tidak ada satu pun yang bisa mewakili rakyat seluruhnya. Dengan kata lain, aktor politik hanya bisa merepresentasikan konstituen mereka, yang dalam hal ini sebagian dari rakyat. Sekalipun demikian, sekali lagi, populis justru mengklaim menjadi perwakilan \u2018rakyat\u2019, bukan sebagian rakyat (76-77). Dari penjelasan tersebut, posisi M\u00fcller sangat berbeda dengan sejumlah sarjana yang menganggap populisme dengan segala variasinya berimplikasi positif terhadap demokrasi. Meskipun berangkat dari titik tolak yang berbeda, Dzur dan Hendriks (2018: 339), misalnya, mengungkapkan bahwa populisme, lebih tepatnya populisme tebal (&lt;i&gt;thick populism&lt;\/i&gt;) \u2013 bukan populisme tipis (&lt;i&gt;thin populism&lt;\/i&gt;), tidaklah bersifat destruktif, bahkan bermanfaat, terhadap demokrasi. Dalam populisme tebal, rakyat mengorganisir diri mereka sendiri secara inklusif dan tanpa kekerasan guna mengatasi persoalan sosial. Sebagai gambaran, sejumlah penduduk lokal di Victoria, Australia membentuk organisasi masyarakat karena aktor politik, seperti politisi dan partai politik, mengabaikan penduduk lokal. Organisasi itu, sebagai perwakilan penduduk lokal, bertujuan untuk membenahi demokrasi lokal dengan cara meningkatkan kesadaran politik dan mendengarkan aspirasi penduduk lokal (Dzur dan Hendriks, 2018:340-41). Jika fenomena tersebut ditilik dari pandangan M\u00fcller, maka kenyataan seperti itu bukanlah populisme sama sekali.<\/p><p>Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, populisme, kata M\u00fcller, bukan saja anti-elite, melainkan juga anti-pluralis. Variabel terakhir itu memunculkan sejumlah konsekuensi, bahkan boleh dikatakan sebagai bahaya. Pertama, populis menganggap lawan politik mereka tidak absah. Ketika berkontestasi merebut kekuasaan, misalnya, populis mengklaim kompetitor mereka tidak bermoral dan korup (h. 3; h. 20). Di sini, populis mendelegitimasi, bahkan \u2018mempersetankan\u2019 (&lt;i&gt;demonize&lt;\/i&gt;), lawan politik mereka. Saat berkuasa, populis justru enggan mengakui legitimasi oposisi (3; 20). Kedua, meskipun tidak terang-benderang dinyatakan oleh populis, rakyat yang tidak mendukung populis akan dianggap sebagai bukan rakyat (h. 3; h. 20). Artinya, hanya rakyat yang sejalan dengan agenda populis adalah \u2018rakyat\u2019. Sebagai contoh, ketika Nigel Farage, politisi Inggris, menyatakan bahwa Brexit merupakan &lt;i&gt;\u201cvictory for real people\u201d&lt;\/i&gt;, status orang-orang yang menentang Brexit sebagai rakyat pada akhirnya menjadi tanda tanya (h. 21-22).<br \/><br \/>Sebagaimana ketika berada di luar kekuasaan, populis juga masih mengarahkan serangan mereka kepada elite saat berkuasa, walaupun mereka pada titik itu sejatinya telah menjadi elite. Aktor politik populis, misalnya, kerap menimpakan kegagalan mereka kepada elite di dalam atau luar negeri, dan menempatkan diri mereka sebagai korban. Berbeda dengan pandangan konvensional, M\u00fcller justru menganggap kalau populis bisa menjalankan atau mengelola kekuasaan (h. 41-42). Secara spesifik, menurut M\u00fcller, populis memiliki ciri khas tersendiri ketika berkuasa. Pertama, populis cenderung menguasai lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan secara terbuka dan menonjolkan klaim bahwa mereka adalah representasi moral \u2018rakyat\u2019. Sebagai ilustrasi, Viktor Orb\u00e1n dan partai pendukungnya di Hungaria mengubah peraturan untuk menempatkan para pendukung setia partai di sejumlah jabatan birokrasi yang seharusnya diisi oleh orang-orang non-partisan (h. 44-45).<\/p><p>Kedua, populis cenderung berupaya terlibat dalam praktik klientelisme massal, dan tindakan itu dilakukan secara terbuka dan atas dasar pembenaran moral publik. Mereka hanya memberikan bantuan material atau non-material kepada pendukung mereka. Sebab, bagi mereka, hanya pendukung mereka adalah rakyat (46). Selain itu, populis juga melakukan korupsi, namun kejahatan tersebut tampaknya tidak mencederai reputasi mereka. Pasalnya, di benak pendukung mereka, tindakan itu bukanlah sebuah persoalan, selama korupsi terlihat dilakukan oleh populis, representasi moral \u2018rakyat\u2019, kepada \u2018kita\u2019 dan bukan kepada \u2018mereka\u2019, yang immoral. Tidaklah mengherankan, jika dalam sejumlah kasus, populis justru lebih korup dibandingkan elite yang berkuasa sebelumnya, yang dikritik korup oleh populis (h. 47-48). Ketiga, dan terakhir, populis mendelegitimasi kelompok-kelompok masyarakat sipil yang mengkritik mereka.<\/p><p>Bagi populis, tidak mungkin \u2018rakyat\u2019, yang mereka representasikan secara moral, memprotes orang yang mewakili mereka. Pada sejumlah kasus, populis kerap mendiskreditkan kelompok-kelompok masyarakat sipil dengan menuduh mereka sebagai kaki tangan asing (h. 48). Di tengah situasi itu, politisi atau partai politik non-populis kerap membangun koalisi dan mengeksklusi aktor politik populis dalam kegiatan politik. Alih-alih mengatasi persoalan, cara seperti itu justru semakin memperburuk keadaan. Kredibilitas populis akan semakin meningkat karena mereka mengklaim kalau aktor politik non-populis membentuk \u2018kartel\u2019 politik, dan secara ideologi politisi atau partai politik yang berkoalisi tidaklah berbeda (h. 83). Terlebih, meminggirkan populis akan semakin mereduksi pluralisme. Pasalnya, populis jauh lebih dulu sudah mencederainya (h. 83).<\/p><p>Berangkat dari kenyataan itu, M\u00fcller menawarkan sejumlah strategi dalam menghadapi populis. Pertama, selama populis tidak mencederai hukum \u2013 mengajak untuk melakukan kekerasan, misalnya \u2013 aktor politik, juga pelaku media massa, perlu terlibat atau berinteraksi dengan mereka. Bagaimanapun, populis memiliki konstituen. Jika populis diabaikan atau dieksklusikan dalam sistem politik, pemilih mereka akan beranggapan kalau \u2018elite\u2019 tidak memperdulikan mereka. Meskipun begitu, M\u00fcller menekankan, strategi itu dilakukan bukan seperti cara populis berkomunikasi. Pada titik ini, tujuan berdiskusi dengan populis bukanlah untuk mengalahkan populis, misalnya, di debat politik dengan argumen atau data. Sebab, kendati pemilih mereka disajikan data, tindakan tersebut tidak dengan serta merta mendegradasikan citra politik populis di mata mereka. Namun, itu bukan berarti bahwa menyajikan fakta kepada pemilih sama sekali tidak perlu (h. 83-84). Yang lebih penting, lanjutnya, adalah berhubungan dengan populis di tataran simbolik. Pada titik ini, aktor politik non-populis bisa terlibat dengan berdiskusi terkait apa komitmen mendasar dari polity (bentuk\/proses pemerintahan sipil\/masyarakat) (h. 85). Kedua, mengidentifikasi siapa aktor politik yang anti-elite dan mengklaim 100% mewakili rakyat dan siapa yang bukan.<\/p><p>Di samping itu, M\u00fcller juga menekankan pentingnya membatasi kekuasaan orang kaya, dan membangun kontrak sosial baru (new social contract) kepada mereka yang tereksklusi (h. 98-99). Namun, yang perlu digarisbawahi, sejumlah strategi yang diusulkan M\u00fcller tersebut berangkat dari pemaparannya tentang sejarah, juga kondisi yang memungkinkan, kemunculan populisme di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa. Pada titik ini, solusi M\u00fcller tidak menyoroti secara khusus kasus-kasus populisme di negara berkembang. Selain itu, jika dibandingkan dengan solusi pertama, solusi kedua yang ditawarkannya tidak banyak dielaborasi bagaimana mengoperasionalkannya di atas lapangan.<\/p><p>Harus diakui, walaupun tidak berangkat dari kajian empiris yang ketat, buku ini bisa menjadi panduan dan memberikan pemahaman baru secara teoritis bagi siapa saja yang tertarik terhadap tema populisme yang marak, atau bersinggungan, dalam politik belakangan ini. M\u00fcller sudah membuka jalan baru dalam memahami populisme, tinggal bagaimana peneliti membuktikan atau mengembangkan pandangannya di atas lapangan dengan serangkaian riset.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h5><strong>Referensi<\/strong><\/h5><p><br \/>Dzur, Albert W. &amp; Hendriks, Carolyn M. 2018. Thick Populism: Democracy-Enhancing Popular Participation. Policy Studies, 39(3), 334-351.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-36e1a980 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36e1a980\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ebc8b5\" data-id=\"74ebc8b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30385445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30385445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-animation-pop elementor-repeater-item-f4f16ac\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/populicenter\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-instagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35d3d11f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"35d3d11f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e44bcce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e44bcce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copyright @ Populi Center<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What Is Populism? Penulis \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 : Jan-Werner M\u00fcller Penerbit \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 : University of Pennsylvania Press Tahun Terbit : 2016 Satu dekade<\/p>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2244,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rana-pustaka"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2399"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7346,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2399\/revisions\/7346"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}