{"id":2657,"date":"2020-09-11T13:37:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-11T06:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/?p=2657"},"modified":"2023-05-23T07:33:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T00:33:34","slug":"book-chapter-review-cara-barat-memandang-timur-orientalisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/en\/2020\/09\/11\/book-chapter-review-cara-barat-memandang-timur-orientalisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Book Chapter Review: How the West Views the East: Orientalism"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2657\" class=\"elementor elementor-2657\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<header data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37e32ec6 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default 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64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>11 September 2020<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-613c97a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"613c97a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Book Chapter Review: Cara Barat Memandang Timur: Orientalisme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-585f66c4\" data-id=\"585f66c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e06678 elementor-author-box--layout-image-left elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"67e06678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Mbak-Darin-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Darin Atiandina\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDarin Atiandina\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b445dc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b445dc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-267518\" data-id=\"267518\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2129c1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2129c1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ee602f\" data-id=\"3ee602f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a2dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b4a2dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"452\" height=\"659\" src=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Cover-Orientalism.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2221\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Cover-Orientalism.png 452w, https:\/\/populicenter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Cover-Orientalism-206x300.png 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7d23f7\" data-id=\"c7d23f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8fa0f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8fa0f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Orientalism<br><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f50e0d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f50e0d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Judul Bab yang Ditinjau: Chapter 1:\nThe Scope of Orientalism<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c04e505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c04e505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Penulis : Edward W. Said<\/p><p>Penerbit : Penguin Books<\/p><p>Tahun Terbit : 2003<\/p><p>Jumlah Halaman : 396<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7158c57d elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7158c57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-bookmark\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M336 0H48C21.49 0 0 21.49 0 48v464l192-112 192 112V48c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 428.43l-144-84-144 84V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h276c3.314 0 6 2.683 6 5.996V428.43z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4794deb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4794deb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Sudah seperti kebiasaan bagi saya dan kedua orangtua saya untuk menghabiskan akhir pekan dengan menonton film di ruang tengah rumah kami. Kami biasanya tidak memilih film tertentu alias terima jadi dan menonton segala macam film yang sedang tayang di televisi. Sore itu kami menonton <i>London Has Fallen<\/i> (2016), sebuah film yang bercerita tentang misi sekelompok teroris untuk membunuh para pemimpin dunia yang menghadiri pemakaman Perdana Menteri Inggris di London serta aksi agen <i>secret service<\/i>, Mike Banning (diperankan oleh Gerrard Butler), untuk melindungi Presiden Amerika Serikat Benjamin Asher dari serangan tersebut. Layaknya kebanyakan film produksi barat lainnya, yang diposisikan sebagai pihak penyerang dalam film ini adalah orang Timur Tengah, sang penjahat berasal dari Pakistan. Sementara itu, yang diposisikan sebagai pihak yang diserang serta berakhir menjadi pahlawan adalah orang Barat.<br \/><br \/>Komposisi film yang terdiri dari barat-pahlawan serta timur-penjahat mengingatkan saya pada salah satu karya Edward W. Said, yakni Orientalisme. Buku yang diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1978 itu kini telah dicetak dan diterjemahkan ke dalam 36 bahasa. Buku dengan tebal 396 halaman tersebut terdiri dari tiga bagian utama, yakni <i>the scope of orientalism, orientalist structures and restructures, orientalism now<\/i>. Tulisan ini akan mengulas bab pertama dari buku Orientalisme: <i>the scope of orientalism<\/i>. Namun, sebelum itu ada baiknya untuk memahami terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan orientalisme. <br \/><br \/>Orientalisme berasal dari kata \u2018Orient\u2019 yang merupakan bahasa Prancis dan memiliki arti yang merujuk kepada bangsa-bangsa Timur. Kata ini berlawanan dengan kata \u2018Occident\u2019 yang artinya bangsa-bangsa Barat. Oriental sendiri merupakan sebuah kata sifat yang berarti \u2018hal-hal yang bersifat timur\u2019. Sedangkan isme atau ism merujuk pada pengertian tentang suatu paham. Jadi, bisa dikatakan bahwa orientalisme adalah suatu paham atau aliran yang membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan bangsa Timur (dalam hal ini Timur Tengah) sebagai objeknya.<br \/><br \/>Kurang lebih Edward Said memiliki definisi yang sama akan orientalisme; <i>\u2018By \u2018Orientalism\u2019, I mean several things, and all of them interdependent: oriental studies or area studies, style of thought between the orient and occident.\u2019<\/i> Studi atau penelitian terkait orientalisme dilakukan oleh selain orang Timur terhadap berbagai disiplin ilmu ketimuran, mulai dari bahasa, agama, sejarah, hingga permasalahan sosio-kultural bangsa Timur. Mereka yang mengajarkan, menulis, dan meneliti Timur, baik orang yang bersangkutan adalah antropologi, sosiologi, maupun sejarah, disebut sebagai <i>orientalist<\/i>. Menurut Edward, sejak dahulu dunia timur telah menjadi wilayah yang memiliki pemandangan eksotik, kaya akan sumber daya alam, serta tradisi yang unik dan mistik. Hal ini lah yang kemudian memunculkan keinginan dari orang-orang Barat untuk mengkaji lebih lanjut akan wilayah Timur.<br \/><br \/>Tidak diketahui secara pasti siapa tepatnya orientalist Barat pertama yang meneliti soal orientalisme. Yang pasti, hampir semua orientalist menggambarkan <i>the occident<\/i> atau bangsa Barat menjadi pihak yang lebih superior dan <i>the orient<\/i> atau bangsa Timur menjadi bangsa pihak inferior. Kebanyakan orientalist membagi Barat dan Timur menjadi dua dunia yang berbeda, peradaban yang berbeda, serta budaya yang berbeda. Di mata Barat, mereka yang tinggal di Timur tidak mampu menjaga diri mereka sendiri, malas, penuh nafsu, tidak rasional, kasar, tetapi juga eksotis dan misterius.<br \/><br \/>Konstruksi akan Barat dan Timur yang demikian yang kemudian dikritik oleh Edward Said dalam buku Orientalisme. Edward Said mempertanyakan mengapa terdapat semacam stereotype negatif terhadap orang Timur dari orang Barat. Mengapa hingga saat ini orang Timur selalu diidentikan dengan sesuatu yang buruk dan mengapa pula orang Barat selalu dianggap seribu langkah lebih maju dari pada orang Timur. <br \/><br \/>Menurut Edward, stereotype negatif tersebut muncul karena para peneliti orientalisme selama ini mengambil pendekatan yang sangat eurosentris. Bab 1 Orientalisme pada intinya berbicara bahwa pengetahuan Barat tentang Timur tidak pernah netral, mereka bias dalam memahami Barat dan Timur. Semua catatan terkait orientalisme adalah generalisasi. Dalam perkembangannya pun kajian Timur berubah menjadi sebuah hegemoni yang memunculkan perspektif bahwa Barat memandang Timur bukan secara apa adanya (obyektif) tetapi bagaimana seharusnya menurut Barat (subyektif) dan tentunya dengan menggunakan standar Barat. Barat menerapkan istilah-istilah yang tidak diketahui oleh subjek mereka. Inilah kemudian bagaimana konsep Timur dikembangkan oleh Barat untuk Timur. <br \/><br \/>Bisa dikatakan orientalisme pada dasarnya adalah sistem proyeksi diri. Bangsa Timur berfungsi sebagai cermin bagi Barat yang ingin melihat dirinya jauh lebih tinggi serta kuat dengan menggambarkan Timur sebagai masyarakat yang tidak beradab. Orientalisme juga merupakan cara Barat untuk menunjukkan pada khalayak bahwa Barat memiliki peradaban dan kebudayaan yang lebih maju dan lebih baik dari bangsa-bangsa lainnya. Sehingga, Timur juga dituntut untuk memiliki hal yang sama.<br \/><br \/>Dogma-dogma orientalisme pun tidak hanya disampaikan lewat tulisan atau hasil penelitian. Cara pandang orientalisme disampaikan melalui berbagai cara dan salah satunya melalui industri film. Sebagian dari masyarakat Indonesia mungkin sudah tidak asing dengan serial-serial televisi Hollywood yang ditayangkan di kanal televisi berbayar seperti Fox, Foxcrime, AXN, dan sebagainya. Kebanyakan serial di kanal berbayar tersebut bercerita tentang investigasi polisi atau detektif untuk menyelidiki kasus criminal. Contohnya seperti serial <i>NCIS, CSI, Castle, Criminal Minds, Bones, The Mentalist, The X-Files<\/i>, dan lain-lain. Dalam serial tersebut, di beberapa episode yang berhubungan dengan tindakan terorisme di Amerika Serikat, hampir selalu pelakunya digambarkan berasal dari Timur Tengah dan merupakan pemeluk agama Islam. Tidak jarang pula di sejumlah episode, ditampilkan kalimat-kalimat bahasa Arab seperti <i>Assalamualaikum<\/i> atau <i>Allahuakbar<\/i> yang semakin menegaskan identitas pelaku teror tersebut di dalam serial tv tersebut. Sementara itu, posisi polisi yang menjadi pahlawan dalam serial tersebut adalah warga Amerika.<br \/><br \/>Tanpa kita sadari, dampak orientalisme tidak hanya mempengaruhi cara pandang kita terhadap masyarakat Timur, namun juga gaya hidup. Misalnya, dalam perdagangan internasional, sebagian dari kita &#8211;atau setidaknya saya sendiri&#8211; menganggap produk yang dihasilkan negara-negara barat menghasilkan kualitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan produk yang dihasilkan negara timur. Contoh signifikan yang terjadi pada saat ini, walaupun memiliki kualitas yang sama, konsumen Indonesia memiliki kecenderungan untuk membeli gawai seharga 8 juta rupiah yang diproduksi barat ketimbang gawai yang diproduksi China. Menggunakan produk yang diproduksi negara-negara Barat juga seringkali membuat penggunanya merasa lebih keren, lebih \u2018mahal\u2019, juga lebih canggih. <br \/><br \/>Bab 1 Orientalisme pada intinya berbicara bahwa pengetahuan Barat tentang Timur tidak pernah netral. Buku ini lahir atas pengalaman pribadi Edward Said yang merupakan keturunan Amerika dan Palestina. Hidup dan tumbuh besar di Kairo mesir, membuat masa remaja Said diwarnai dengan nuansa dan kebudayaan bangsa timur. Ketika beranjak dewasa, Said pindah ke Amerika dan memulai dunia perkuliahan di Universitas Princeton. Said merasakan sendiri bagaimana hidup sebagai orang timur ditengah-tengah orang barat. Singkatnya, ia merasa \u2018terjajah\u2019. Melalui buku ini, Edward mendorong agar bangsa timur segera mendapatkan kebabasan dan kemerdekaan akan dogma-dogma negative yang melekat pada dirinya. Bangsa-bangsa timur harus segera menyadari identitasnya yang terbebas dari hegemoni barat.<br \/><br \/><\/p><h5><strong>Referensi<\/strong><\/h5><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Said, Edward W. 1978. <em>Orientalism.<\/em> London: Penguin Books<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a9f4d36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a9f4d36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c2a1d1c\" data-id=\"2c2a1d1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a07759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"57a07759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bagikan Postingan:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b9e066 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"3b9e066\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on 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