The swaying of young people near Sudirman Station, Jakarta, had become a phenomenon that attracted the attention of many parties. Acting like a professional model they confidently display a style of dress that is out of the ordinary for the general public, or they call it fashion, as an expression of aesthetics in appearance. These young people call themselves SCBD children (Sudirman, Citayam, Bojong, Depok). Indeed, they don't live in the middle of the hustle and bustle of the capital city of Jakarta, that's what makes them interesting and different, so they went viral and became trendsetters. The SCBD children's story actually makes people curious to investigate more deeply the areas on the outskirts of the capital city of Jakarta where they live. In fact, apart from the interesting stories told by Bonge, Jeje, Kurma, and their friends in the Dukuh Atas MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) Station area, their areas of origin, such as Citayam, Cilebut, Bojong Gede, and Depok, are areas that have unique characteristics. This article wants to review how the uniqueness of the area where Bonge, Jeje, and Kurma live is known as a region rural-urban fringe.
Pryor (1968) says that rural-urban fringe is a transitional zone in terms of land use, demographic and social characteristics, located between urban and rural areas with several features, namely zoning or uncoordinated planning, incomplete coverage and penetration of urban utility services, and increasing actual and potential population density, with density currently above the surrounding rural districts but lower than the city centre, although these characteristics may differ both zoning and sectorally, and will change over time. In areas that are not cities, not rural areas, it turns out that they have unique regional characteristics that also have problems that can explode at any time. This area has the potential for social segregation problems which so far have never been a concern, not only for policy makers, but also for academics to study the phenomena of social segregation in the region. rural-urban fringe the.
In suburban areas such as Citayam, Bojong Gede, Cilebut which are very familiar to commuters who daily drive the Electric Rail Train (KRL) to and from Bogor, the pattern as an area is clearly visible. rural-urban fringe. At least the phenomenon of social segregation in the region rural-urban fringe This can be seen from the start of the spread of fenced communities, on the other hand you can still find villages with narrow alleys, but there are still some areas of rice fields, plantations, but you can also find lots of residential areas or fenced residential clusters. This condition is still easy to find in a radius of about 1 (one) kilometer from Citayam, Bojong Gede and Cilebut Stations.
The Rise of Fenced Communities in Outskirt Areas
It is very rare to find studies on fenced communities having a locus in suburban or rural areas. In fact, the phenomenon of gated communities has started to spread in suburban and rural areas considering that land is increasingly limited in urban areas for the construction of a residential area or residential cluster. So, now it's not difficult to find even luxurious housing in suburban areas such as Citayam, Bojong Gede, and Cilebut. Blakely and Snyder (1997) state that a gated community is a residential area with limited access which tends to lead to the privatization of public spaces. Adriansyah (2020) said that security issues are often the basis for the emergence of a gated community with a system onegate, to prevent penetration from non-residents, but this problem does not only appear in the city center but also in the suburbs.
When talking about the phenomenon of gated communities in urban areas, one of the institutions that has concern for this issue is ITDP (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy) who consider the existence of a gated community to hinder transit-oriented development. But in fact the problems caused by the rise of fenced communities in suburban areas are more complicated than those in urban areas. The pattern of rural or suburban communities which actually tends to be more communal will certainly experience a cultural or social shock with the rise of cluster dwellings or housing in their area. In the Citayam, Bojong Gede and Cilebut areas it is clear that social cohesion is becoming a serious problem with the presence of several fenced areas. This can be seen from the gaps that appear from the existing spatial structure in the areas known as rural-urban fringe the. The existing streets look narrow like villages, with some sides still containing plantations and rice fields, but it is not difficult to find residential cluster areas that tend to be homogeneous both in terms of economic and religious background (Sharia Cluster) with more magnificent buildings that surrounded by towering fences.
Issues regarding gated communities are usually more obvious in the characteristics of residential areas with systems onegate. In the end, this condition raises accessibility issues. In fact, the problems arising from the existence of fenced communities in urban areas and in suburban areas are not much different. What is striking is the issue of accessibility and privatization of space. However, in terms of social impact, in suburban areas it can have a more serious impact. In the end, what is known as the area appears rural-urban fringe. Regional studies rural-urban fringe both sociologically and anthropologically need serious attention, considering that these areas can be a source of social problems in society.
In general, the characteristics of rural areas that are far from the city center tend to be simpler, both from an economic and cultural perspective. Then, people with a rural style tend to be more suspicious of new things outside of themselves that are not yet understood even to a person or group of people outside their community will be considered as foreigners. Another characteristic is that the pattern of the community highly values brotherhood so that it tends to be democratic in the decision-making process in their environment.
In areas that intersect with big cities such as Jakarta with a more metropolitan style of the city so that its urban characteristics often go beyond its administrative boundaries, areas with a more metropolitan pattern will be found. rural-urban fringe, such as in Citayam, Bojong Gede, and Cilebut. Basically, fenced communities have a pattern of areas occupied by certain social groups that are homogeneous whether in terms of income, ethnicity, religion, or race, with a pattern of privatized public spaces with limited access. Problems arise when the characteristics of gated communities are homogeneous but still individualistic because they reflect urban communities but are located in rural areas with strong communal community characteristics. It is this condition that has exacerbated the creation of social segregation in the region rural-urban fringe.
Social Segregation
The problem of social segregation in the region rural-urban fringe arises as a result of not creating social cohesion with the existence of fenced communities which are currently starting to spread in suburban areas. Psychologically, developers who build housing in rural areas to facilitate people who work in Jakarta but find it difficult to get housing in the city center will often try to bring an urban feel to the area they are building. In general, they offer housing with a high security system, social facilities that can be accessed only by residential owners, and are free from the common problems of Jakarta housing, namely flooding and so on. However, presenting a dwelling with these characteristics unknowingly creates a negative externality for the residents who have lived and settled in the area previously which so far the developers have not even realized.
From the results of observations made in a fenced area which is approximately 1.5 kilometers from Cilebut Station, there are at least three fundamental problems that may also arise in this area. rural-urban fringe others need to be anticipated. The first is the problem of access to the mobility of residents outside the fenced area which is disrupted. Second, sentiment inside and outer group. Third, environmental issues. This condition has the potential to trigger social segregation which is increasingly sharpened so that it can lead to social conflict in society.
Often in fenced areas, outsiders or the general public cannot walk around freely, especially in areas that implement a system onegate. In fact, there is often persecution of the outside community by residential security units because they are suspected of disturbing the security and comfort of the residents of the complex. Even itinerant traders cannot freely peddle their wares like they do in areas outside fenced dwellings. In the end, social sentiment often arises, if there is an act of theft, villagers outside the complex tend to be accused of being the source of security problems in the fenced residential area. Meanwhile, the village community views the residents of the fenced housing as immigrants. The existence of fenced housing is also considered as a source of problems with increasingly limited access to the mobility of village residents, to environmental problems such as the causes of flooding or damaged roads due to residential construction. Even though the dwelling has been around for a long time, and some of the residents may have previously lived in the village, the surrounding community considers the occupants in the gated residential area to be the area of immigrants.
This paper is certainly not able to review in depth related to the problem rural-urban fringe and social segregation which so far has not been realized. However, what is presented in this paper seeks to invite academics to pay attention to the emergence of the phenomenon of fenced housing which has increasingly spread in rural areas. The social problems caused by this rural-urban fringe which so far has never received the government's attention and even intervened through a policy, especially good spatial planning, will cause problems in the future. Although security reasons have always been the reason why these settlements choose to fence off their areas from penetration by non-residents, at least roads should not have the characteristics of a club goods only certain people are allowed access, unless special provisions are stipulated regarding the types of vehicles that may pass such as toll roads or special roads for certain vehicles (four-wheeled, truck, or two-wheeled).
Reference
- Adriansyah, J. (2020). Batavia Shuttle in Dusk in Jakarta. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
- Blakely, EJ & Snyder, MG (1997). Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington: Brooking Institution Press.
- Pryor, Robin J. (1968). “Defining the Rural-Urban Fringe”. Social Forces, Vol. 47, no. 2, Dec. 1968, p. 202. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.2307/2575150.
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